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Sociology as a discipline is concerned with relationships. The relationship addressed in this book, is the one between society and nature. More specifically, the process of making pollution and the environmental condition relevant for – and in – parliament is used as an analytical prism to gain better understanding of that relationship. Building on theoretical perspectives from pragmatic moral-political sociology developed by Boltanski and Thévenot, the changing valuation of «nature» and «the environment» in Norwegian parliamentary debates is analysed: When and how is nature made a relevant for parliament? How is nature valued in these debates? How are decisions on environmental- and petroleum policy legitimated? What kind of knowledge is made relevant? In what ways have parliamentary debates changed over time and how can we understand these changes? Empirical data is an extensive sample of Norwegian parliamentary debates in the period 1945–2013. The book maps the historical trajectory of the political conflicts on the environmental consequences from industry in Norway, and the petroleum industry in particular. The analysis exposes how the form of valuable nature has changed substantially over time. That is, what makes nature valuable for parliament has changed over time. The changing form of valuable nature also has consequences for how pollution should be avoided and what kind of policy instruments that are considered relevant. In the early 20th century nature was primarily regarded as a robust and unchangeable entity. Starting from the early 1950s this understanding of nature is undergoing impor- 10 GISLE ANDERSEN | PARLAMENTETS NATUR tant changes. Rather than being viewed as a robust entity, nature is to larger extent seen as fragile and should be protected from humans: Nature should be conserved. During the next decades the relevant form of nature to protect is gradually redefined as «the environment». In contrast to the idea of protecting «nature» from humans, pollution was primarily a problem because it harmed the human environment. A significant change occurred during the 1990s. The Norwegian parliamentary debates from this period are characterised by a harsh ecological self-critique. This had several consequences, among them a new environmental statute in the Norwegian Constitution. A new way of valuing nature emerged: What is valued is not nature «itself» but the function that nature has for humans, the conservation of nature understood as a «life supporting production system» for humanity. This view of nature specified the valuation of nature as anthropocentric. Another important dimension of the new way of valuing nature is that it clearly limited what form of nature that should be protected: It is legitimate to pollute and to harm parts of nature, but only as long as one does not threaten the production system that humans depend upon. As long as an activity can go on without diminishing the functional utility of nature for humanity; use, change and destruction of nature can be considered legitimate. This could be understood as a minimum definition of sustainability. These changes are linked to the ways the modern societies today responds to, and tries to control, global environmental change.

Environmental policy

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"This book is free to download in PDF and EPub formats.Is certification the solution? Can it deliver urgently needed improvements to complex problems like deforestation and the exploitation of people? In this controversial new book, Scott Poynton, founder of The Forest Trust, makes a compelling case for a new approach to social and environmental problems that goes "beyond certification".Certification emerged from the 1992 Rio Earth Summit amidst great hope. Since then, despite a proliferation of certification schemes in twenty-five industry sectors, the destructive and irresponsible exploitation of natural and human resources has grown still worse.Beyond Certification reviews the positive aspects of certification, of which there are many, but argues that we can no longer afford to gloss over its failures.The book offers an alternative model, VT-TV, based on Values, Transparency, Transformation and Verification, which the author has been exploring and implementing with over 70 companies and industries around the world.These companies are transforming the story of the raw materials they use - wood, palm oil, pulp and paper, stone, charcoal, soy, beef, sugar, dairy, rubber, coffee, cocoa and coconut. Mining companies are also exploring this approach, making decisions aligned with fundamental values and what they know to be right.The results? Trust is emerging as former combatants awake to the importance of working together. Guns have been removed from forests, land set aside for protection, worker rights and conditions improved and long-standing conflicts have been resolved as people confront their legacies.Beyond Certification does not claim that this VT-TV model is the only solution. Rather, it shows how new and seemingly radical thinking can catalyze positive change. Included: the limits of roundtable certification illustrated with real, practical examples; the intricacies of the change process - how companies move from destructive to more responsible practices; how to implement more holistic, economically effective, durable systems to better protect people and the environment."--Provided by publisher.

Environmental economics. --- Environmental sciences. --- Environmental policy. --- Environmental science --- Science --- Economics --- Environmental quality --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Government policy

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The result of a workshop bringing together an international advisory board of experts in science, satellite technologies, industry innovations, and public policy, this book addresses the current and future roles of satellite Earth observations in solving large-scale environmental problems. The book showcases the results of engaging distinct communities to enhance our ability to identify emerging problems and to administer international regimes created to solve them. It also reviews the work of the Policy and Earth Observation Innovation Cycle (PEOIC) project, an effort aimed at assessing the impact of satellite observations on environmental policy and to propose a mission going forward that would launch an “innovation cycle”. The achievements of such a mission would feed back to innovations in next-generation observation technology, thus contributing to global policy demand for policy-relevant information. This book is open access under a CC BY license. .

Earth sciences. --- Climate change. --- Environmental sciences. --- Remote sensing. --- Environmental law. --- Environmental policy. --- Earth Sciences. --- Environmental Science and Engineering. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- Climate Change Management and Policy. --- Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice. --- Environmental Policy. --- Climate Change. --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Environment law --- Environmental policy --- Law --- Sustainable development --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Aerial photogrammetry --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics --- Environmental science --- Science --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences --- Government policy --- Law and legislation --- Environmental aspects --- Climatic changes. --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Global environmental change --- environment --- observation-based policy --- big data

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Le développement durable ne fait désormais plus débat ; en quelques années, il est devenu un nouveau lieu commun des discours des autorités politiques, économiques et morales. Un tel unanimisme recouvre-t-il réellement une même aspiration à créer un développement capable de faire face aux inégalités sociales ou aux crises environnementales ? Les contributions de ce livre évaluent les procédures d'appropriation du développement durable - comment les acteurs s'en saisissent et décrètent l'appliquer. L'appropriation est une reformulation du projet constitué par le DD, en opérant une réflexion critique permanente sur les intentions portées par le DD et ses modalités d'application. Ce travail d'appropriation est donc une réinterprétation des principes généraux du DD afin de les adapter aux savoir-faires des secteurs d'activité concernés. L'approche pluridisciplinaire (droit, science politique, économie, géographie, aménagement, anthropologie) permet de constater que l'appropriation permet une conciliation, a minima, de la durabilité avec les habitudes culturelles et professionnelles de chacun des acteurs étudiés. Dès lors, nous assistons à une normalisation du DD qui explique son usage intensif, alors même qu'il perd tout contenu subversif.

Sustainable development --- Environmental policy. --- International cooperation. --- Développement durable --- Environnement --- Coopération internationale --- Political aspects. --- Aspect politique --- Politique gouvernementale --- Environmental policy --- International Cooperation --- Political aspects --- Développement durable --- Coopération internationale --- Cooperation, International --- Global governance --- Institutions, International --- Interdependence of nations --- International institutions --- World order --- Cooperation --- International relations --- International organization --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Government policy --- Environmental aspects --- Sustainable development - Political aspects --- parti politique

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La notion de développement durable semble bénéficier depuis quelques années d'un contexte favorable à sa mise en œuvre au niveau local : diffusion de la notion et usage récurrent dans de nombreux discours politiques ; intégration parmi les objectifs prioritaires des politiques territoriales lois et réglementations, et surtout programmes incitatifs, mis en œuvre aux niveaux communautaire et étatique. Les autorités locales se mobilisent-elles de manière stratégique, avec la volonté de mettre en œuvre de nouvelles politiques, ou ont-elles seulement fait évoluer leur discours pour être dans l'air du temps ou pour capter de nouvelles opportunités de financement ? L'observation et l'analyse rapide d'un certain nombre de politiques locales de développement durable inscrites dans un tel contexte, pose toutefois la question de leur pertinence au regard des enjeux d'un développement durable et de leur capacité réelle à faire évoluer en profondeur l'action publique locale, en d'autres termes de leurs impacts effectifs. On formulera l'hypothèse que les principes du développement durable, à travers des pratiques judicieuses, offrent aux pouvoirs publics locaux une opportunité pour redonner à l'environnement ses multiples dimensions spatiales et sociales. Cette hypothèse sera examinée à travers la gestion de deux éléments les plus techniques du développement durable, l'air et l'eau.

Sustainable development --- Water resources development --- Air quality management --- Développement durable --- Ressources en eau --- Air --- Government policy --- Politique gouvernementale --- Exploitation --- Qualité --- Gestion --- Développement durable --- Qualité --- Local government --- Environmental policy --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Environmental aspects --- développement durable --- eau --- Nors-Pas-de-Calais --- air --- environnement --- administration locale